Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Chronology -- Introduction -- 1 An Oasis of Liberty -- 2 Searching for the New World -- 3 The First Campaign -- 4 The Day of Discussion -- 5 The Swamp -- 6 An Unofficial Funeral -- 7 Miniature, Everyday Coups -- 8 Another Country ... Another Man -- 9 The Final Coup -- 10 The Rebel -- 11 Raskol -- 12 A Higher Value -- 13 Russia Returns to Its Roots -- 14 Confrontation Still Lives in Our Souls -- Afterword -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About the Book and Author
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This research reports empirical distributions and estimated univariate parametric probability distributions for house volume and certain zone volumes within households for residential structures in the United States. The author derived the distributions from two separate databases. The volumes were found to be exceptionally well fit by lognormal distributions (adjusted R2 >> 0.95) in almost all cases. In addition, data from one database indicates that the correlation between house volume and air changes per hour is very weak.
Using exploratory data analysis, probability plots, scatterplots, and computer animations to rotate and visualize the data, we fit a trivariate Normal distribution to data for the height, the natural logarithm of body weight, and the body fat for 646 men between the ages of 50 and 80 years as reported by the medical staff of the U.S. Veterans Administration's "Normative Aging Study" in Boston, MA. Although these data do not include any children, women, or young men, the measurements represent the best data that we could find through a 4‐year search. We believe that these data are well measured and reliable for men in the specified age range and that these data reveal an interesting statistical pattern for use in probabilistic PBPK models.
The purpose of this paper is to undertake a statistical analysis to specify empirical distributions and to estimate univariate parametric probability distributions for air exchange rates for residential structures in the United States. To achieve this goal, we used data compiled by the Brookhaven National Laboratory using a method known as the perfluorocarbon tracer (PFT) technique. While these data are not fully representative of all areas of the country or all housing types, they are judged to be by far the best available. The analysis is characterized by four key points: the use of data for 2,844 households; a four‐region breakdown based on heating degree days, a best available measure of climatic factors affecting air exchange rates; estimation of lognormal distributions as well as provision of empirical (frequency) distributions; and provision of these distributions for all of the data, for the data segmented by the four regions, for the data segmented by the four seasons, and for the data segmented by a 16 region by season breakdown. Except in a few cases, primarily for small sample sizes, air exchange rates were found to be well fit by lognormal distributions (adjusted R2 0.95). The empirical or lognormal distributions may be used in indoor air models or as input variables for probabilistic human health risk assessments.
Fish consumption rates play a critical role in the assessment of human health risks posed by the consumption of fish from chemically contaminated water bodies. Based on data from the 1989 Michigan Sport Anglers Fish Consumption Survey, we examined total fish consumption, consumption of self‐caught fish, and consumption of Great Lakes fish for all adults, men, women, and certain higher risk subgroups such as anglers. We present average daily consumption rates as compound probability distributions consisting of a Bernoulli trial (to distinguish those who ate fish from those who did not) combined with a distribution (both empirical and parametric) for those who ate fish. We found that the average daily consumption rates for adults who ate fish are reasonably well fit by lognormal distributions. The compound distributions may be used as input variables for Monte Carlo simulations in public health risk assessments.
